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👉The bending moment and shear force 💫They are two important concepts in structural engineering that describe how loads act on a beam or any structural element. 🚧Shear Force refers to the internal force that acts along a section of a beam and tends to cause one part of the beam to slide or shear over the adjacent part. ⏺It develops due to the vertical (or transverse) loads applied to the beam. In simple terms, it measures how much force is trying to cut the beam across its cross-section. ⏺When you move along the beam, the shear force changes wherever the load changes. High shear force occurs near supports where the load transfer happens. ⏺Shear force mainly causes shearing stresses, which can lead to diagonal cracks in reinforced concrete if not controlled. 🚧Bending Moment refers to the internal moment (or turning effect) developed in a beam when an external load tries to bend it. ⏺It is the result of forces acting at a distance from a point, producing rotation or curvature in the beam. ⏺The bending moment is maximum where the beam tends to bend most (usually at mid-span under uniform loads or near fixed supports). ⏺It causes bending stresses — tension on one side and compression on the other side of the beam’s neutral axis. ⏺Bending moment gives the beam its curved or deflected shape under loading. 📜In summary: ⏺Shear force cuts the beam; bending moment bends the beam. ⏺Shear force resists sliding between layers; bending moment resists rotation and bending. @etconp

👉Punching shear 💫It is a type of failure that occurs in flat slabs or foundations when they are subjected to high concentrated loads, such as columns. ⏺The failure happens in a circular shape around the load, creating a cone-shaped perforation in the slab. ⏺This is a brittle and dangerous failure mode that requires careful design and verification ⭐️To prevent punching shear, engineers need to consider the following steps: - Check if the concrete is strong enough alone; - If not, check if the amount of reinforcement is reasonable; - Design reinforcement if reasonable, if not, change the form of structure. ❇️Some examples of reinforcement methods are using vertical bars, drop panels, or flared column heads. Alternatively, some codes of practice may allow more liberal design assumptions 🔰Punching shear is a complex phenomenon that involves many factors, such as slab thickness, column size, load magnitude, concrete strength, and reinforcement ratio. ⏺To accurately predict the punching shear strength and design the appropriate reinforcement, engineers need to use advanced methods, such as the finite element method 📜I hope this helps you understand what punching shear is and how to prevent it. @etconp

👉ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዐቢይ ቢሾፍቱ የሚገነባው አይሮፕላን ማረፊያ ዲዛይን መጠናቀቁን ገለጹ ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዐቢይ አህመድ ቢሾፍቱ የሚገነባው አይሮፕላን ማረፊያ ዲዛይን ሥራ እንደተጠናቀቀ አስታውቀዋል፡፡ 6ኛው የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ም/ቤት 5ኛ ዓመት የሥራ ዘመን 2ኛ መደበኛ ስብሰባ ላይ ከምክር ቤት አባላት ለተነሱ ጥያቄዎች ምላሽ እና ማብራሪያ በመስጠት ላየይ የሚገኙት ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዐቢይ፤ ከአይሮፕላን ማረፊያው የዲዛይን መጠናቀቅ በተጨማሪም የኤርፖርቱ ግንባታ አማካሪም ተቀጥሯል ብለዋል፡፡ የሚገነባው ኤርፖርት ከ100 ሚሊየን ተሳፋሪዎችን የሚያስተናግድ በመሆኑ ከአፍረካ የመጀመሪያ ትልቅ ኤርፖርት እንደሚደርገው ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ ተናግረዋል፡፡ ይህ ግዙፍ የ10 ቢሊዮን ዶላር ኢንቨስትመንትም ኢትዮጵያን በቀጣይነት የአፍሪካ የአቬሽን ማእከል ሆና እንድትቀጥል ያደርጋታል ብለዋል፡፡ ኤርፖርቱ በሚገነባበት ቦታ ያሉ አርሶ አደሮች ኑሮአዋቸው ሳይሰተጓገል በተገቢው መልኩ መልሶ ለማቋቋም ሰፊ ሥራ ተሰርቷል ሲሉም አብራርተዋል፡፡ ከዚህ ቀደም አርሶ አደሮች መሬታቸውን ሲለቁ የሚስተናገዱበት መንገድ ስህተት ነበረበት ያሉት ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ፤ ይህን ለመቅረፍ ፕሮጀክቱ ሳይጀመር ሙሉ በሙሉ አርሶ አደሮች ደስተኛ ሆነው፣ ኑሮአቸው ተሻሽሎ ከወጡ፣ በአካባቢው የምንገነባው አየር መንገድ ዘርፈ ብዙ ጠቀሜታ ያመጣል ብለዋል። አክለውም፤ በቦሌ አየር መንገድ ከለውጥ በኋላ በርካታ የማስፍፊያ ሥራዎች ተሠርተዋል ያሉ ሲሆን፤ ከ20 ሚሊዮን በላይ ተጓዦችን እንደሚያስተናግድ ገልጸዋል። @etconp

👉TYPES OF PIPES COMMONLY USED IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM  💫The types of pipes commonly used in water distribution systems are described below. ⭕1. CAST IRON PIPES: Cast iron pipes or CI pipes are broadly utilized for distribution of water because they are less expensive, corrosion resistant, and long lasting. CI pipes are mainly produced by following four techniques. . 1. Horizontally cast ( MC ware pipes) 2. Vertically cast ( Pit cast in sand molds) 3. Centrifugally cast in sand lines molds spun type. 4. Centrifugally cast in water cooled molds. Uses of horizontally cast CI pipes are presently pretty much outdated, that’s why they are infrequently produced these days. Centrifugally cast pipes are most widely used because they have more grained dense structure and uniform thickness. Generally, CI pipes are 3-6 m long, so much heavy, and require extra care to avoid from damaging while transporting and creating connections. ⭕2. STEEL PIPES: Steel pipes are utilized in water mains circumstances where the pipes are going through very high pressure ( More than 7 kg/cm2)  and required large diameter pipes. These pipes have greater strength and less weight than CI pipes. Satisfactory treatments should be given to maintain antagonistic climatic conditions. ⭕3. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES: Galvanized pipes are also known as GI pipes are fashioned steel pipes with zinc coating. GI pipes are mostly utilized for water supply and service connections. ⭕4. COPPER PIPES: Copper pipes are most commonly utilized in hot water supply establishment. Some features of this pipes are as following: 1. They possess high tensile strength. 2. They can be bent easily. 3. Copper pipes can be used in thin wall. Copper pipes are sometimes chromium plated to enhance their appearance and to match with the chromium plated water supply fittings. ⭕5. POLYTHENE PIPES: Polythene and PVC pipes are being utilized progressively nowadays for cold water supply inside and outside works. These pipes are lightweight, cheaper, corrosion resistant, and require no threading for making any connections. 📌Besides these, there are other pipes commonly used for water distribution such as : asbestos cement (AC) pipes, reinforced concrete (RCC) pipes, prestressed reinforced concrete (PSC) pipes etc. 📌The selection of the types of pipe for utilizing any purposes is adopted according to the design criteria, material availability, cost, and other comparative variables. @etconp

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👉Soil Stabilization Techniques 💫What is Soil Stabilization? ⏺Soil stabilization is the process of improving soil properties to increase its strength, durability, and load-bearing capacity. ⏺It is essential for constructing roads, pavements, embankments, and foundations. 📍Types of Soil Stabilization Techniques 🌟1. Mechanical Stabilization ⏺Involves physically altering the soil structure. 🎲Techniques include: ⏺Compaction: Increasing soil density using rollers or tampers. ⏺Blending: Mixing soils of different types to achieve better properties. ⏺Geosynthetics: Adding geotextiles, geogrids, or geomembranes to improve stability. ❇️Purpose: Reduces settlement and increases bearing capacity. 🌟2. Chemical Stabilization ⏺Improves soil properties by adding chemicals. 🎲Common agents: ⏺Lime: Used for clayey soils; reduces plasticity and increases strength. ⏺Cement: Improves bearing capacity and decreases permeability. ⏺Fly ash: Enhances soil strength and durability. ⏺Bitumen: Used in road construction for water resistance. 📍Purpose: Increases strength, reduces shrink-swell behavior, and improves durability. 🌟3. Physical Stabilization ⏺Alters soil by changing its physical structure without chemical reactions. 🎲Methods include: ⏺Electro-osmosis: Using electrical currents to remove from clay soils. ⏺Freezing: Temporarily stabilizes water-saturated soils. 🔰Purpose: Suitable for soft, wet, or weak soils in specialized projects. 🌟4. Biological Stabilization ❇️Uses vegetation or microorganisms to stabilize soil. 🎲Examples: ⏺Grass planting: Prevents erosion on slopes. ⏺Bioenzymes: Treat soil for compaction and strength. ⏺Purpose: Environmentally friendly and prevents surface erosion. 🌟5. Reinforcement Techniques ⏺Uses reinforcements to improve soil stability. 🏷Examples: ⏺Soil nailing: Steel rods inserted into slopes. ⏺Geogrids and geotextiles: Provide tensile strength to soil. ⏺Retaining structures: Gabions, crib walls, and sheet piles. 🚧Purpose: Reduces risk of landslides and improves slope stability. 💫Applications: ⏺Road construction and pavements ⏺Embankments and dams ⏺Foundation improvement ⏺Slope stabilization 💫Advantages: ⏺Increases soil strength and durability. ⏺Reduces erosion and settlement. ⏺Enables construction on weak soils. ⏺Economical compared to replacing soil. @etconp

👉በዱባይ የሚገነባው አዲስ ሙዚየም በውሃ ላይ ይንሳፈፋል ተባለ ❇️የዱባይ ገዥ የሆኑት ክቡር ሼኽ መሐመድ ቢን ራሺድ አል ማክቱም በአል ፉተይም ግሩፕ የሚመራውን እና ለዱባይ አዲስ የስነ-ህንፃ እና የባህል ምልክት የሚሆነውን የዱባይ የስነ ጥበብ ሙዚየም  ንድፍ ይፋ አድርገዋል። 💫የዱባይ የስነ ጥበብ ሙዚየም የሚገነባው በዱባይ ክሪክ ውሃ ላይ ይሆናል። 💫ይህም ዱባይ የፈጠራ ኢኮኖሚ ዓለም አቀፍ ዋና ከተማ የመሆን ራዕይን እና የከተማዋን ቀጣይነት ያለው የባህልና የኪነጥበብ ልማት የሚያንጸባርቅ ይሆናል። ⏺አጠቃላይ የስነ ሕንፃው አሠራር ለጎብኚዎች ልዩ ልምድ በሚሰጥ መልኩ ተቀርጾል። 🚧አምስት ፎቅ ያለው ይህ የሚንሳፈፍ ሙዚየም በመጀመሪያው እና በሁለተኛው ፎቆች ላይ የኤግዚቢሽን ጋለሪዎች፣ በሦስተኛው ፎቅ ላይ ደግሞ ምግብ ቤት እና ለከፍተኛ እንግዶች  የሚሆን ላውንጅ ይኖረዋል። ⏺ሙዚየሙ የመሬት እና የመሬት ውስጥ (ቤዝመንት) ፎቆችም ይኖሩታል። 💫ከኪነ ጥበብ ሥራዎች ኤግዚቢሽን በተጨማሪም ሙዚየሙ የኪነ ጥበብ ባለሙያዎች ውይይቶችን፣ የፓናል ውይይቶችን፣ የትምህርት ፕሮግራሞችን እና የስነ ጥበብ ትርኢቶችን ያዘጋጃል ተብሏል። @etconp

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