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👉Concrete Admixtures 💫In concrete mix design, Superplasticizers, Accelerators, and Retarders are key admixtures that modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. ⭐️Here’s a breakdown of each: ⚡️1. Superplasticizer (High-Range Waters Reducer) ⏺Purpose: Increases workability without adding extra water. Reduces the water-cement ratio, enhancing strength and durability. Helps in producing self-consolidating concrete (SCC). ⏺Types: Sulfonated Melamine Formaldehyde (SMF) Sulfonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) – Most advanced, high efficiency ⏺Dosage: Typically 0.1–2% by weight of cement. 📍Advantages: Improves slump without compromising strength. Reduces segregation and bleeding. Enhances durability and resistance to sulfate/chloride attack. ⚡️2. Accelerator ⏺Purpose: Speeds up the setting time and early strength development. Useful in cold weather concreting. Helps in rapid repairs and early formwork removal. ⏺Types: Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂) – Common but not recommended for reinforced concrete due to corrosion risk. Non-chloride accelerators (Calcium Nitrate, Calcium Formate, Sodium Thiocyanate, etc.) – Safer for reinforced concrete. ⏺Dosage: 1–3% by weight of cement. 📍Advantages: Faster setting and early strength gain. Reduces bleeding and shrinkage cracking. Increases freeze-thaw resistance in cold climates. ⚡️3. Retarder ⏺Purpose: Delays setting time to prevent premature hardening. Useful in hot weather to avoid rapid hydration. Helps in large pours or long transportation times. ⏺Types: Lignosulfonates Hydroxycarboxylic acids (e.g., tartaric acid, citric acid) Sugars (like glucose-based compounds in small amounts) ⏺Dosage: 0.1–1.5% by weight of cement. 📍Advantages: Extends workability time. Reduces heat of hydration in mass concreting. Improves surface finishing by preventing cold joints. Choosing the Right Admixture For high-strength concrete → Use superplasticizer (PCE preferred). For cold weather → Use a non-chloride accelerator. For hot weather or long transport → Use a retarder. @etconp

👉Steel is one of the most essential materials in construction due to its strength, durability, and versatility. 💫Here are the key details construction workers need to know about steel: 🚧1. Types of Steel Used in Construction ⏺Mild Steel (MS) – Most commonly used, offers good strength and flexibility. ⏺Reinforced Steel (Rebar) – Used in concrete reinforcement to improve tensile strength. ⏺Structural Steel – Includes beams, columns, and plates used in frameworks. ⏺Stainless Steel – Resistant to corrosion, used in special structures or exposed environments. ⏺High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel (HSLA) – Lighter and stronger, used in high-rise buildings and bridges. 🚧2. Common Steel Shapes and Uses ⏺Rebars (Reinforcing Bars) – Strengthen concrete structures. ⏺I-Beams (H-Beams) – Used in structural frameworks. ⏺Angle Bars – Provide support in construction joints. ⏺Steel Plates – Used for floors, walls, and load-bearing surfaces. ⏺Pipes & Tubes – Used in plumbing, scaffolding, and structural support. 🚧3. Advantages of Steel in Construction ⏺High Strength – Can support heavy loads and resist deformation. ⏺Durability – Long-lasting and withstands extreme weather conditions. ⏺Flexibility – Can be molded into various shapes for different construction needs. ⏺Recyclability – Environmentally friendly as it can be reused. ⏺Fire Resistance – With proper treatment, it can withstand high temperatures. 🚧4. Common Applications in Construction ⏺Buildings & Skyscrapers – Frameworks, reinforcements, and load-bearing structures. ⏺Bridges – Structural supports and reinforcements. ⏺Roads & Highways – Reinforced concrete and guardrails. ⏺Industrial Structures – Warehouses, factories, and power plants. 🚧5. Handling & Safety Precautions ⏺Wear Protective Gear – Gloves, helmets, and boots to prevent injuries. ⏺Proper Lifting Techniques – Use cranes or multiple workers for heavy loads. ⏺Welding Safety – Use protective eyewear and ventilation when working with steel. ⏺Rust Prevention – Store steel in dry places and apply coatings if needed. @etconp

👉ቻይና የዓለም ረጅሙን የድልድይ ግንባታ እያገባደደች ነው 🚧በመጪው ሰኔ የሚከፈተው በጓንጁ ግዛት ሁዋጂያንግ ታላቅ ሸለቆ ላይ የተሠራው የብረት ድልድይ 2 ሺህ 890 ሜትር ርዝመት ያለው ሲሆን ከባህር ጠለል በላይ የ625 ሜትር ከፍታ አለው። 💫ድልድዩ የ70 ደቂቃ ጉዞን ወደ 1 ደቂቃ የጉዞ ጊዜ እንደሚቀይር የቻይና ሚዲያ ዘግቧል። @etconp

👉ለግንባታው ዘርፍ መሳለጥ ሚና የሚጫወት የፕላስቲክ ፎርምወርክ ምርት ላይ የግንዛቤ ማስጨበጫ ተካሄደ 🚧በግንባታው ዘርፍ ጥራትን በማስጠበቅ፣ ወጭን በመቀነስ፣ ጊዜን በመቆጠብ እና ለአካባቢ ደህንነት መጠበቅ ጉልህ ሚና መጫወት የሚችል የፕላስቲክ ፎርምወርክ ምርት ላይ ለባለድርሻ አካላት የግንዛቤ ማስጨበጫ መርሃ ግብር መጋቢት 27/2017 ዓ.ም በስካይላይት ሆቴል ተካሂዷል፡፡ ⏺የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን ከኤች ኬ ቢዝነስ ግሩፕ ኃ/የ/የግል ማህበር ጋር በመተባበር በምርቱ ላይ ግንዛቤ ለመፍጠር በተዘጋጀው ስነስርዓት ላይ የባለስልጣን ተቋሙ ም/ዋና ዳይሬክተር ዶ/ር ሙዓዝ በድሩ በክብር እንግድነት ባደረጉት የመክፈቻ ንግግር ኤች ኬ ቢዝነስ ግሩፕ ለሀገራዊ የኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪው እና  ለማንፋክቸሪንግ ዘርፍ ትልቅ ብስራትን ይዞ መጥቷል ብለዋል፡፡ ⏺ተቋሙ ለግንባታ ግብአት ይዞት የመጣው የፕላስቲክ ፎርምወርክ ቴክኖሎጅ ምቹ ፣ ቀላል፣ ወጭ ቆጣቢ እና ከአካባቢ ጋር ስምም ስለመሆኑና በዚህ ረገድ ፈር ቀዳጅ ፋብሪካነቱን ዶ/ር ሙዓዝ በድሩ ገልፀዋል፡፡ ⏺በተጨማሪም የተቋሙ ምርት ገቢ ምርትን በሀገር ውስጥ አቅም በመተካትና የውጭ ምንዛሪን በማስቀረት፣ የስራ ዕድልን በመፍጠር፣ በረሃማነትን በመከላከል፣ የቴክኖሎጂ ሽግግርን ዕውን በማድረግ ረገድ ሚናው የጎላ መሆኑን ገልፀዋል፡፡ 🏷የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን በመንግስት ከተሰጡት ተልዕኮዎች ውስጥ የግንባታ ፕሮጀክቶችን ጥራትን ማስጠበቅ፣ የጊዜና የግብአት ብክነትን መከላከል አንዱ ዓላማው መሆኑን ያወሱት ም/ዋና ዳይሬክተሩ በዚህ ረገድ ሚና ከሚጫወቱ የግል አልሚዎች ጋር ባለስልጣን ተቋሙ በአጋርነት መስራትን አጠናክሮ እንደሚቀጥልም አስገንዘበዋል፡፡ ⏺መንግስት የግሉ ዘርፍ በኢትዮጵያ ዕድገት ላይ ድርሻ እንዳለው ሙሉ እምነት ያለው በመሆኑ የኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪውን በማሳለጥ ረገድ ሰፊ ሚና እንደሚጠበቅባቸውም አስምረውበታል፡፡  ⏺የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን በተሰጠው ተልዕኮ አንፃር ዘርፉን ለማዘመንና ኢትዮጵያን ለማልማት ከሚተጉ አካላት ጋር በአጋርነት፣ በትብብር እና በአብሮነት እንደሚተጋም አረጋግጠዋል፡፡ ⏺የዘርፉ ባለድርሻ አካላትም ኤች ኬ ቢዝነስ ግሩፕ አዲስ ያስተዋወቀውን የፕላስቲክ ፎርምወርክ ምርት በማስተዋቅና ግንዛቤ በመፍጠር እንዲሁም ምርቱን በመጠቀም ረገድ የጋራ ርብርብ እንዲያደርጉ ዶ/ር ሙዓዝ በድሩ ጥሪ አስተላልፈዋል፡፡ ⏺በስነስርአቱ ላይ የተለያዩ መንግስታዊ ተቋማት የስራ ኃላፊዎች ፣ የዘርፉ ልዩ ልዩ ሙያ ማህበራት ተወካዮች፣ የስራ ተቋራጮች፣ የሪልስቴት አልሚዎች እና ሌሎች ባለድርሻ አካላት ተሳትፈዋል፡፡ @etconp

【DPK-AI ትሬዲንግ】 አውቶማቲክ መጠናዊ ስርዓቱ ዝቅተኛውን የዲጂታል ገንዘቦች መሸጫ ዋጋ እንደ BTC፣ ETH፣ USDT ወዘተ በዋና ልውውጦች ላይ መፈለግ እና በሰከንዶች ውስጥ በፍጥነት መግዛት ይችላል። 1.DPKAI-quantitative, ፈንዶች ተቀማጭ እና ማውጣት በራስ-ሰር ወደ መለያው ገቢ ይደረጋል. 2. VIP1-VIP11፣ መጠናዊ ተመላሾች 20% -35%. 3. ከ 25% ወደ 40% በመጨመር ብዙ ምንዛሬዎችን እና ብልጥ የኢንቨስትመንት ገቢን ይደግፉ. 4. መጠኗ በየ24 ሰዓቱ እንደገና ይጀመራል፣ እና እያንዳንዱ ሰው በቀን አንድ ጊዜ በመጠን የገቢ ንግድ ውስጥ መሳተፍ ይችላል። 5. የሶስተኛ ደረጃ ወኪል ግብዣ ሽልማቶችን ጠቁም። ብዙ ግብዣዎች ባደረጉ ቁጥር፣ የበለጠ ሽልማቶችን ያገኛሉ። ምንም ከፍተኛ ገደብ የለም [አንድ ሽልማት 10%, B ሽልማት 5%, C ሽልማት 3% = 18% ሽልማት]. እንደ ቲክቶክ፣ ፌስቡክ፣ ትዊተር፣ ዩቲዩብ፣ ኢንስታግራም፣ የዋትስአፕ ቡድን፣ የቴሌግራም ቡድን፣ ወዘተ ባሉ ማህበራዊ ሶፍትዌሮችዎ ላይ ለማጋራት የግብዣ ሊንኩን ይላኩ። 【DPK-AI ትሬዲንግ】 የምዝገባ አገናኝ፡ https://dpk-ai.com/#/register?ref=780857 【DPK-AI ትሬዲንግ】 የመስመር ላይ የደንበኞች አገልግሎት፡ https://chat.ssrchat.com/service/gomw2j

👉DEFINITIONS 💫The following terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this Section, wherever they appear in the A Specifications. 🚧1. Bill of Quantities: The document forming part of the Bid and containing an itemized breakdown of the works to be carried out in a unit price contract, indicating a quantity for each item and the corresponding unit price. 🚧2. Contract Documents: The documents listed in the GCC, including all attachments, appendices, and all documents incorporated by reference therein, and shall include any amendments thereto. 🚧3. Contract Price: The accepted Contract amount stated in the Procuring Entity's Letter of Acceptance. The amount represents the initial estimate payable for the execution of the Works or such other sum as ascertained by the final statement of account as due to the Contractor under the Contract. 🚧4. Contract: The binding Contract Agreement entered into between the Procuring Entity and the Contractor, comprising Contract Documents referred to therein, including all attachments, appendices, and all documents incorporated by reference therein. 🚧5. Contractor: A natural or juridical person under contract with a Procuring Entity to supply Works. 🚧6. Day-works: Varied work inputs subject to payment on an hourly basis for the Contractor's employees and equipment, in addition to payment for associated materials and plants. 🚧7. Defect: Any part of the Works not completed in accordance with the Contract. 🚧8. Drawings: The drawings of the Works, as included in the Contract, and any additional and modified drawings issued by (or on behalf of) the Procuring Entity in accordance with the Contract, include calculations and other information provided or approved by the Engineer for the carrying out of the works. 🚧9. Engineer: A person named in the Special Conditions of Contract or appointed as such by the Procuring Entity and notified in writing to the Contractor to act as the representative of the Procuring Entity to supervise and inspect works and to test and examine the materials employed and the quality of workmanship, including any authorized representative of such person. 🚧10. Equipment: The Contractor's machinery, vehicles, apparatus, components and any other articles brought temporarily to the Site to construct the Works. 🚧11. Final Acceptance Certificate: Certificate(s) issued by the Engineer to the Contractor at the end of the Defects Liability Period stating that the Contractor has completed its obligations to construct, complete, and maintain the Works concerned. 🚧12. General Conditions of Contract: The general contractual provisions setting out the administrative, financial, legal and technical clauses governing the execution of the Contract, except where amended by the SCC or Contract Agreement. 🚧13. Materials: All supplies, including consumables, used by the Contractor for incorporation in the Works. 🚧14. Procuring Entity: Public body, which is partly or wholly financed by the Federal Government Budget, higher education institutions, and public institutions of like nature which has the powers and duties to conclude a Contract for the supply of Works, as specified in the SCC. 🚧15. Site: The places provided by the Procuring Entity where the Works are to be carried out, and other places stated in the Contract as forming part of the site. 🚧16. Special Conditions of Contract: The conditions attached to the Contract Agreement,which shall govern the Contract and shall prevail over these General Conditions of Contract. 🚧17. Sub-Contractor: Any natural person, private or government entity, or a combination of the above, including its legal successors or permitted assigns who has a Contract with the Contractor to carry out a part of the Work in the Contract, which includes work on the Site. @etconp

👉Designing reinforcement bars for a box culvert involves careful consideration of various structural forces, moments, and the durability requirements of the structure. 💫Below are the key steps and factors to consider: 🚧1. Structural Analysis Loading Conditions: Identify all loading conditions, including dead loads (self-weight), live loads (traffic, vehicular, and pedestrian loads), and hydrostatic pressure (water pressure). Earth Pressure: Consider the lateral earth pressure acting on the side walls, top slab, and base slab. This depends on soil type, backfill height, and whether the culvert is buried. Hydraulic Considerations: Account for the pressure exerted by water flow through the culvert. 🚧2. Moment and Shear Force Distribution Slab Design (Top and Bottom Slabs): The slabs are typically designed as one-way slabs for the shorter direction, considering the moments and shear forces generated by loads and earth pressure. Wall Design: The side walls act as vertical cantilevered retaining walls. Shear and moment forces generated from the soil and water pressure must be considered in the design. Reinforcement Requirements: Based on the moment and shear calculations, the amount of reinforcement needed for both longitudinal and transverse directions can be determined. 🚧3. Reinforcement for Key Components Top Slab Reinforcement: The top slab resists traffic and live loads. It is designed as a one-way slab with reinforcement provided at the bottom (tension side) in the shorter span direction. Depending on the analysis, some reinforcement may also be required at the top of the slab to handle negative moments near supports. Bottom Slab Reinforcement: The bottom slab resists upward soil pressure and sometimes buoyant forces when submerged. Reinforcement is placed at the top of the slab (tension zone) and in the longer span direction. Side Wall Reinforcement: Side walls act as vertical cantilevered beams subjected to lateral earth pressure. @etconp

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