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Key Points on Tetanus toxoid ➖ Introduction: Tetanus Toxoid (TT) is a vaccine used to prevent tetanus. ➖ Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that causes stiffness in the muscles, often leading to lockjaw, difficulty in swallowing, and in severe cases, breathing problems. ➖ The bacteria that cause tetanus can survive for a long time outside the body, and are usually found in soil, dust, and animal waste. ➖ Age of Administration: In many places, TT vaccines are usually given to children as part of a combined vaccine in the first few years of life. ➖ Following the basic immunization coverage during infancy, booster doses are recommended. ➖ A common schedule might involve booster shots at 4-6 years and again at 9-12 years. ➖ However, the specific schedule can depend on the country's immunizations program. ➖ Efficacy: The TT vaccine is extremely effective at preventing tetanus. After a complete series of immunizations, nearly all people are immune to tetanus. ➖ Booster shots every 10 years after the initial series keep that immunity strong. ➖ Safety: The tetanus vaccine is safe for most people. ➖ Common side effects are minor and include redness and swelling at the injection site, a mild fever, and some aches or fatigue. ➖ Severe side effects are rare. ➖ Importance: Tetanus cannot be cured once someone is infected, and the disease is often lethal, which makes prevention through vaccination vital.

CRANIAL NERVES, NAMES AND TYPES OF FIBRES 🧩Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory Nerve (Special Sensory Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve II - Optic Nerve (Special Sensory Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve III - Oculomotor Nerve (Motor Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve IV - Trochlear Nerve (Motor Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal Nerve (Motor and Sensory Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve VI - Abducent Nerve (Motor Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve VII - Facial Nerve (Motor and Special Sensory Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Special Sensory Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Motor and Special Sensory fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve X - Vagus Nerve (Motor and Special Sensory Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve XI - Spinal Accessory Nerve (Motor Fibre) 🧩Cranial Nerve XII - Hypoglossal Nerve (Motor Fibre)

ANATOMY FACT YOU MUST KNOW 🧩Largest Artery - Abdominal Aorta 🧩Largest Bone - Femur 🧩Largest Endocrine gland - Thyroid Gland 🧩Largest Gland - Liver 🧩Largest Salivary Gland - Parotid Gland 🧩Largest Vein - Inferior Vena Cava 🧩Longest Cell in the Body - Neuron 🧩Longest Cranial Nerve - Vagus Nerve 🧩Longest Nerve - Sciatic Nerve 🧩Total Number Of Muscles - 639 🧩Smallest Muscle - Stapedius 🧩Largest Muscle - Gluteus Maximus 🧩Longest Muscle - Sartorius 🧩Longest bone of the Upper Limb - Humerus 🧩Total Number of Cranial Nerves - 12

Q. Consider the following functions of the human liver:

1. Filters out toxins from the blood 2. Produces bile to aid in digestion 3. Manufactures clotting proteins 4. Directly generates red blood cells

💙 Important Points👇🏻💙 1: Fever + constipation +relative bradycardia = Typhoid 2: Fever (3 weeks) then 10 days free +arthralgia +lymphadenopathy + History of contact with milk products = Brucella 3: Fever+tender hepatomegaly +GIT upset= ambeobic liver abscess 4: Fever +chills +sweats+jaundice+travelling to endemic area= malaria 5: Fever +lymphadenopathy+history of dealing with cats= Toxoplasmosis 6: Night Fever= T.B , lymphoma , brucella or Malaria 7: Fever + arthritis +UTI= gonococcal or chlamydia infection 8: Fever +strawberry tongue= scarlet fever or kowasaki disease 9: Fever +diarrhea +Heamolytic anemia= Hemolytic uremic syndrome or TTP 10: Fever +fatigue +lymphadenopathy + bil hilar lymphadenopathy= sarciodosis or histocytosis X 12: Fever +relative bradycardia= Typhoid 13: Fever + low platletes + sub conjuctival hge= Dengue fever 14: Fever +rigidity +history of atypical anti psychotic within 1 week= Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome 15: Fever +neck rigidty + photophopia + headache + agitation= meningitis 16: Fever +headache +neck stiffness+manifestation of cerebral dysfunction(aphasia , convulsion , monoplegia or flexion U.L and extension L.L ) +- urinary incontinence= encephalitis 17: Fever + cardiac murmer +vegetations on Echo= infected endocarditis 18: Fever +High E.S.R >100+renal impairment+hypercalcemia in old age= multiple myloma

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🟣 Mycetoma ▪️ About Mycetoma ➔ Mycetoma is caused by bacterial or fungal infections that typically enter the body through cuts in the skin. It leads to severe tissue damage, swollen limbs, and deformities. ➔ It was first documented in the mid-19th century in Madurai, India, and initially termed “Madura Foot.” ➔ Over 70 different species of bacteria and fungi have been identified as causative organisms. ➔ Symptoms include swollen feet and growths resembling barnacles. ▪️ Vulnerable Groups ➔ Commonly affects males aged 15–30 years in developing nations. ➔ Individuals with low socioeconomic status, particularly agricultural workers, laborers, and herdsmen, are most at risk. ▪️ Geographical Distribution ➔ Mycetoma is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions known collectively as the “Mycetoma Belt,” including countries like India, Sudan, Mexico, Chad, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Yemen, Somalia, Venezuela, Senegal, and Thailand. ➔ The highest number of cases have been reported from Mexico and Sudan. ▪️ Mode of Transmission The infection usually occurs when the organism enters through minor wounds, especially thorn pricks. ➔ Walking barefoot and manual outdoor work significantly increase risk. ➔ Human-to-human transmission does not occur. ▪️ Treatment ➔ Bacterial mycetoma: Treated with antibiotics. ➔ Fungal mycetoma: Managed with a combination of antifungal therapy and surgical intervention. ➔ Treatment is often prolonged, costly, associated with significant side effects, and outcomes are frequently unsatisfactory. ➔ Amputation is sometimes necessary in advanced fungal infections. ▪️ Prevention and Control ➔ No global surveillance system; Sudan is the only country with a specific control program. ➔ Preventive measures include wearing footwear to reduce exposure. ➔ Awareness generation and early case detection are crucial.

FMGE Date : 26th July 2025 ✅

🟣 Co-analgesics These are other drugs that are not primarily analgesics, but can help to relieve pain. In particular, neuropathic pain is relatively insensitive to opioids; drugs such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants are more effective, e.g. amitryptiline or gabapentin. Tramadol is a weak opioid that has some action at adrenergic and serotonin receptors and so may be useful for combination nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Muscle spasm often responds to benzodiazepines.