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🚨📢 महत्वपूर्ण सूचना - सभी विद्यार्थियों के लिए 📢 🚨 प्रिय विद्यार्थियों, हम आपसे अनुरोध करते हैं कि पेपर खरीदने या बेचने जैसे अवैध कार्यों से दूर रहें। ऐसा करना गंभीर अपराध है, जिससे आपका भविष्य और करियर बर्बाद हो सकता है। 📌 हमारे सभी चैनल/ग्रुप केवल शिक्षा और परीक्षा की तैयारी के लिए हैं। 📌 हम किसी भी प्रकार की पेपर बिक्री या लीक जैसी गतिविधियों का समर्थन नहीं करते। 📌 यदि कोई व्यक्ति आपको पेपर बेचने या खरीदने की पेशकश करता है, तो तुरंत उससे दूर रहें और सतर्क रहें। 👉 हम हमेशा आपको सचेत करते आए हैं कि ऐसे लोगों से बचें जो पेपर बेचने के नाम पर अपराध कर रहे हैं। 👉 अपनी पढ़ाई पर ध्यान दें और अपने उज्ज्वल भविष्य के लिए सही रास्ता चुनें। ⚠️ ध्यान दें: अगर किसी भी व्यक्ति को इस तरह की गतिविधियों में शामिल पाया जाता है, तो कानूनी कार्रवाई हो सकती है। कृपया खुद को और दूसरों को इस खतरे से बचाएं। 📢 Disclaimer: यह चैनल केवल शैक्षिक उद्देश्य के लिए है। हम किसी भी अवैध गतिविधि (पेपर खरीद/बेचने) का समर्थन नहीं करते। यदि कोई व्यक्ति ऐसी गतिविधियों में शामिल पाया जाता है, तो उसे तुरंत ब्लॉक और रिपोर्ट किया जाएगा। ✍️ Board Exams Community – 📚

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Vitamins and Their Deficiency Diseases Vitamin A deficiency diseases ️Night blindness, risk of infections, xerophthalmia Vitamin – B1 ️ Deficiency diseases beri-beri Vitamin – B2 deficiency diseases Eruption of skin, reddening of eyes Vitamin – B3 ️ Deficiency diseases itchy skin Vitamin – B5 ️ Deficiency diseases graying of hair, retardation Vitamin – B6 ️ Deficiency diseases anemia, skin disease Vitamin – B7 deficiency diseases ️paralysis, body ache, hair fall Vitamin – B11 ️ Deficiency diseases anemia, dysentery Vitamin C ️ Deficiency diseases anemia, pandurog Vitamin – D ️ Deficiency diseases Rickets, osteomalacia Vitamin E ️ Deficiency diseases decreased fertility Vitamin K ️ Deficiency diseases blood clotting 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15 ➭ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

हमने बड़ी मेहनत से आप लोगो के लिए Biology जीव-विज्ञान की Quiz बनाई हे, हमारी वेबसाइट से बायो की स्पेशल Quiz जरूर attend करे ! बहोत ही मजेदार और intresting Quiz हे जल्दी से attend कर लो!, https://bit.ly/3T5tTyI

Types of Viral Hepatitis Type A Hepatitis (HAV), (infectious hepatitis) •Is caused by an RNA virus of the enterovirus family. •It spreads primarily by the fecal-oral route, usually through the ingestion of infected food or liquids. •It may also spread from person-to-person contact and, rarely, by blood transfusion. •Type A hepatitis occurs worldwide, especially in areas with overcrowding and poor sanitation. Type B Hepatitis (HBW), (serum hepatitis) •Is caused by a double-shelled virus containing DNA. •It spreads primarily through blood (percutaneous and per mucosal route). •It can also spread by way of saliva, breastfeeding, or sexual activity (blood, semen, saliva, or vaginal secretions. •Male homosexuals are at high risk for infection. •After acute infection, 10% of patients progress on to carrier status or develop chronic hepatitis. •HBV is the main cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Type C Hepatitis (HCV),( non-A, non-B hepatitis, or posttransfusion hepatitis) •Formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis, usually spreads through blood or blood product transfusion, usually from asymptomatic blood donors. •It may also be transmitted through unsterile piercing or tattooing tools or dyes. •It commonly affects I.V. drug users and renal dialysis patients and personnel. •HCV is the most common form of posttransfusion hepatitis. Type D Hepatitis (HDV),(delta agent hepatitis) •Also known as Delta hepatitis. •Is caused by a defective RNA virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B-specifically, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) - to replicate. •HDV occurs along with HBV or may superinfect a chronic HBV carrier, and cannot outlast a hepatitis B infection. •It occurs primarily in I.V. drug abusers or those who have had multiple blood transfusions, but the highest incidence is in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and South America. Type E Hepatitis (HEV), (enterically transmitted or epidemic non-A, non-B) •Is caused by a nonenveloped, single-strand RNA virus. •It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route but is hard to detect because it is inconsistently shed in the feces. •Its occurrence is primarily in India, Africa, Asia, or Central America.

✅ Important Full Forms ➖ AF: atrial fibrillation ➖ AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ➖ AKA: alcoholic ketoacidosis ➖ ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ➖ AMI: acute myocardial infarction ➖ ARF: acute renal failure ➖ BP: blood pressure ➖ CABG: coronary artery bypass graft ➖ CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia ➖ CCF: congestive cardiac failure ➖ CF: cystic fibrosis ➖ CHD: coronary heart disease ➖ CNS: central nervous system ➖ COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ➖ CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure ➖ CRF: chronic renal failure ➖ CSF: cerebrospinal fluid ➖ CT: computer mography ➖ CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke) ➖ CVD: cardiovascular disease ➖ DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis ➖ DU: duodenal ulcer ➖ DVT: deep vein thrombosis ➖ ECG: electrocardiograph ➖ EEG: electroencephalogram ➖ ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate ➖ ESRD: end-stage renal disease ➖ FPG: fasting plasma glucose ➖ GIT: gastrointestinal tract ➖ GU: gastric ulcer ➖ GvHD: graft versus host disease ➖ HAV: hepatitis A virus ➖ HBV: hepatitis B virus ➖ Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin ➖ HCV: hepatitis C virus ➖ HIV: human immunodeficiency virus ➖ HNA: heparin neutralising activity ➖ ICH: intracranial haemorrhage ➖ IDA: iron deficiency anaemia ➖ IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus ➖ IFG: impaired fasting glucose ➖ IGT: impaired glucose tolerance ➖ IHD: ischaemic heart disease ➖ Ig: immunoglobulin ➖ IM: intramuscular ➖ INR: international normalized ratio ➖ ITU: intensive therapy unit ➖ IV: intravenous ➖ IVU: intravenous urogram ➖ K+: potassium ➖ kg: kilogram ➖ KUB: kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray) ➖ LBBB: left bundle branch block ➖ LCM: left costal margin ➖ LFTs: liver function tests ➖ LIF: left iliac fossa ➖ LUQ: left upper quadrant ➖ LVF: left ventricular failure ➖ LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy ➖ MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity ➖ MCH: mean cell haemoglobin ➖ MI: myocardial infarction ➖ Min: minutes ➖ MPD: myeloproliferative disease ➖ MRI: magnetic resonance imaging ➖ MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy ➖ Na+: sodium ➖ NaCl: sodium chloride ➖ OA : osteoarthritis ➖ OCP: oral contraceptive pill ➖ PACWP; pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure ➖ PAD: peripheral arterial disease ➖ PaO2: partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood ➖ PB: peripheral blood ➖ PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis ➖ PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention ➖ PCL: plasma cell leukaemia ➖ PE: pulmonary embolism ➖ PR: per rectum ➖ PT: prothrombin time ➖ PV: plasma volume ➖ RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis ➖ RBBB: right bundle branch block ➖ RBCs: red blood cells ➖ RCC: red blood cell count ➖ Rh: Rhesus ➖ RIF: right iliac fossa ➖ RUQ: right upper quadrant ➖ SC: subcutaneous ➖ SDH: subdural haemorrhage ➖ SOB: short of breath ➖ SM: smooth muscle ➖ SVC : superior vena cava ➖ SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction ➖ SXR: skull x-ray ➖ T°: temperature ➖ t1/2: half-life ➖ T4: thyroxine ➖ TA: temporal arteritis ➖ TB: tuberculosis ➖ TFT: thyroid function test ➖ TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks ➖ TPO: thyroid peroxidase ➖ TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies ➖ TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone ➖ TT: thrombin time ➖ u/U: units ➖ UC: ulcerative colitis ➖ U&E: urea and electrolytes ➖ UKPDS: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study ➖ URTI: upper respiratory tract infection ➖ UTI: urinary tract infection ➖ USS: ultrasound scan ➖ VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity ➖ VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide ➖ Vit K: vitamin K ➖ VSD: ventricular septal defect ➖ WBC: blood count or white blood cells

Procedure of Electrocardiography Patient Preparation for Electrocardiography (ECG) •Explain to the patient the need to lie still, relax, and breathe normally during the procedure. •Note current cardiac drug therapy on the test request form as well as any other pertinent clinical information, such as chest pain or pacemaker. •Explain that the test is painless and takes 5 to 10 minutes. Implementation •Place the patient in a supine or semi-Fowler's position. •Expose the chest, ankles, and wrists. •Place electrodes on the inner aspect of the wrists, on the medical aspect of the lower legs, and on the chest. •After all, electrodes are in place, connect the lead wires. •Press the START button and input any required information. •Make sure that all leads are represented in the tracing. If not, determine which electrode has come loose, reattach it, and restart the tracing. •All recording and other nearby electrical equipment should be properly grounded. •Make sure that the electrodes are firmly attached. Normal Results •P wave that doesn't exceed 2.5 mm (0.25 mV) in height or last longer than 0.12 seconds. •PR interval (includes the P wave plus the PR segment) persisting for 0.12 to 0.2 seconds for heart rates above 60 beats/ min. •QT interval that varies with the heart rate and lasts 0.4 to 0.52 seconds for heart rates above 60 beats/min. •The voltage of the R wave leads V1 through V6 which doesn't exceed 27 mm. •Total QRS complex lasting 0.06 to 0.1 seconds. Abnormal Results •Myocardial infarction (MI), right or left ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmias, right or left bundle-branch block, ischemia, conduction defects or pericarditis, and electrolyte abnormalities. •Abnormal waveforms during angina episodes or during exercise.

What is Porphyria? Porphyria is basically a group of rare metabolic diseases (or disorders) that affect the skin and internal organs, such as the nervous system. These disorders are mainly caused by an enzyme deficiency. The enzyme deficiencies may stem from a number of different causes, which makes the symptoms and severity of different porphyria diseases vary greatly. 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Physiology of the initiation of labour Increasing levels of prostaglandins, oxytocin, and progesterone are thought to contribute to the initiation of the onset of labour. The levels then rise progressively, reaching highest levels at the birth of the head and after placental separation. The myometrium Individual cells within the myometrium are able to depolarize their cell membranes, allowing the movement of ions, primarily calcium, which together with ATPase (an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate and a free phosphate ion) initiates the contraction of myosin fibres within the cell. The cells are able to communicate their activity via gap junctions. At term, muscle fibres are present in compact bundles, reducing the gap size; therefore, the number of gap junctions increases and the potential to stimulate contractility is increased. When these processes occur together, this results in a harmonized contraction, which can spread across the uterus. The cervix The cervix consists of collagen fibers alternating with circular and longitudinal muscle fibers. Normally the cervix is firm and resistant to downward activity from the uterus and its contents. Towards term, the percentage of water in the collagen fibers increases, which decreases their stability and therefore results in a softer, more compliant cervix. Hormonal influences Oestrogen enhances myometrial activity by increasing oxytocin and prostaglandin receptors, which in turn assists with the formation of gap junctions. Prostaglandins are produced in the placenta, membranes, and decidua. Prostaglandin (PGF2a) and prostaglandin E (PGE) facilitate the production of calcium ions, which thus increases their availability for binding to the myosin receptors. This enhances contractile action and results in harmonized contractions. The presence of prostaglandins in the cervix encourages the production of the enzymes elastase and collagenase (MMP- 8) which actively break down collagen fibers, leading to cervical ripening (softening). Oxytocin acts as a hormone and neurotransmitter and is produced by the hypothalamus; it is a powerful uterotonic. An increase in oxytocin receptors, due to the action of estrogen, dramatically increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin at term. This facilitates the onset and maintenance of contractions by depolarization and stimulating the production of prostaglandins. Animal studies suggest that the hormone relaxin is instrumental in stimulating oxytocin-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus just before the onset of labour.