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What type of bonding primarily stabilizes the beta sheet structure in proteins?
A) Ionic bonds 
B) Hydrogen bonds 
C) Van der Waals forces 
D) Disulfide bridges 

Answer: B) Hydrogen bonds

▎Question 4

Which of the following amino acids is most likely to disrupt an alpha helix due to its unique structure?
A) Alanine 
B) Glycine 
C) Leucine 
D) Glutamine 
Answer: B) Glycine

▎Question 5

In a beta sheet, the strands can be oriented in which of the following ways?
A) Only parallel 
B) Only antiparallel 
C) Both parallel and antiparallel 
D) Randomly oriented 

Answer: C) Both parallel and antiparallel

▎Question 6

Which type of secondary structure is often involved in turns and loops within proteins?
A) Alpha helix 
B) Beta sheet 
C) Random coil 
D) Beta turn 

Answer: D) Beta turn

▎Question 7

What is the significance of proline in the context of protein secondary structure?
A) It stabilizes alpha helices. 
B) It forms hydrogen bonds in beta sheets. 
C) It introduces kinks or bends in polypeptide chains. 
D) It enhances hydrophobic interactions. 

Answer: C) It introduces kinks or bends in polypeptide chains.

▎Question 8

Which of the following statements about secondary structures is FALSE?
A) Secondary structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms. 
B) Secondary structures are independent of the primary sequence of amino acids. 
C) Secondary structures can form motifs such as alpha-beta barrels. 
D) Secondary structures contribute to the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein. 

Answer: B) Secondary structures are independent of the primary sequence of amino acids.

▎Question 9

Which structural feature is NOT characteristic of an alpha helix?
A) Right-handed twist 
B) Side chains protruding outward from the helix 
C) Hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid 
D) Formation of disulfide bridges 

Answer: D) Formation of disulfide bridges

▎Question 10

The Ramachandran plot is used to visualize:
A) The tertiary structure of proteins. 
B) The potential conformations of the polypeptide backbone. 
C) The interactions between different protein subunits. 
D) The location of active sites in enzymes. 

Answer: B) The potential conformations of the polypeptide backbone

What type of bonding primarily stabilizes the beta sheet structure in proteins?
A) Ionic bonds 
B) Hydrogen bonds 
C) Van der Waals forces 
D) Disulfide bridges 

Answer: B) Hydrogen bonds

▎Question 4

Which of the following amino acids is most likely to disrupt an alpha helix due to its unique structure?
A) Alanine 
B) Glycine 
C) Leucine 
D) Glutamine 
Answer: B) Glycine

▎Question 5

In a beta sheet, the strands can be oriented in which of the following ways?
A) Only parallel 
B) Only antiparallel 
C) Both parallel and antiparallel 
D) Randomly oriented 

Answer: C) Both parallel and antiparallel

▎Question 6

Which type of secondary structure is often involved in turns and loops within proteins?
A) Alpha helix 
B) Beta sheet 
C) Random coil 
D) Beta turn 

Answer: D) Beta turn

▎Question 7

What is the significance of proline in the context of protein secondary structure?
A) It stabilizes alpha helices. 
B) It forms hydrogen bonds in beta sheets. 
C) It introduces kinks or bends in polypeptide chains. 
D) It enhances hydrophobic interactions. 

Answer: C) It introduces kinks or bends in polypeptide chains.

▎Question 8

Which of the following statements about secondary structures is FALSE?
A) Secondary structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms. 
B) Secondary structures are independent of the primary sequence of amino acids. 
C) Secondary structures can form motifs such as alpha-beta barrels. 
D) Secondary structures contribute to the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein. 

Answer: B) Secondary structures are independent of the primary sequence of amino acids.

▎Question 9

Which structural feature is NOT characteristic of an alpha helix?
A) Right-handed twist 
B) Side chains protruding outward from the helix 
C) Hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid 
D) Formation of disulfide bridges 

Answer: D) Formation of disulfide bridges

▎Question 10

The Ramachandran plot is used to visualize:
A) The tertiary structure of proteins. 
B) The potential conformations of the polypeptide backbone. 
C) The interactions between different protein subunits. 
D) The location of active sites in enzymes. 

Answer: B) The potential conformations of the polypeptide backbone

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Biology for grade 12
Included old curriculum

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Physics Mock Examination for Grade 12 Students Based on Grade 11 Chapter 4( New Text Book) Linked with Grade 9 unit 3 and unit 4 (Old text book).




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Metabolic Processes

Definition:
Metabolic processes are the chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life. These processes enable organisms to grow, reproduce, repair damage, and respond to their environment.

---

Types of Metabolic Processes:

1. Anabolism (Building Up)
- Definition: The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy (endothermic).
- Examples:
- Protein synthesis from amino acids.
- DNA replication.
- Photosynthesis (in plants).
- Purpose: Supports growth, repair, and storage of energy.

2. Catabolism (Breaking Down)
- Definition: The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy (exothermic).
- Examples:
- Cellular respiration (glucose breakdown to produce ATP).
- Digestion of food into nutrients.
- Fat breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol.
- Purpose: Provides energy for bodily functions and building blocks for anabolism.

---

Key Components of Metabolism:

1. Enzymes:
- Proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions.
- Highly specific to their substrate (e.g., amylase breaks down starch).

2. Energy Molecule (ATP):
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells.
- Energy is released when ATP is broken into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group.

3. Metabolic Pathways:
- Linear Pathways: Sequence of reactions leading to a final product (e.g., glycolysis).
- Cyclic Pathways: Reactions regenerate starting materials (e.g., Krebs cycle).

---
Examples of Metabolic Processes:

1. Photosynthesis (Anabolic):
- Occurs in plants.
- Converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.
- Equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O + => C6H12O6 + 6O2

2. Cellular Respiration (Catabolic):
- Occurs in all living organisms.
- Breaks down glucose into water, carbon dioxide, and ATP.
- Equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP


3. Protein Synthesis (Anabolic):
- Ribosomes use mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins.

4. Lipid Breakdown (Catabolic):
- Lipids are broken into fatty acids and glycerol, which can be used for energy production.

---

Regulation of Metabolic Processes:

1. Hormones:
- Insulin: Promotes glucose storage and uptake.
- Glucagon: Stimulates glucose release into the blood.
- Thyroxine: Regulates the overall metabolic rate.

2. Feedback Mechanisms:
- Negative Feedback: Maintains balance (e.g., ATP production halts when energy is sufficient).

---

Importance of Metabolic Processes:
- Provides energy for cellular activities.
- Supplies raw materials for growth and repair.
- Regulates body temperature and homeostasis.


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የ12ኛ ክፍል ፈተና ምዝገባ ከነገ በስቲያ ያበቃል
*****

የ2017 የትምህርት ዘመን የኢትዮጵያ የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ማጠናቀቂያ (የ12ኛ ክፍል) ፈተና ምዝገባ በመጪው ማክሰኞ ጥር 6/2017 ዓ.ም ከቀኑ 11፡00 ሰዓት ላይ እንደሚጠናቀቅ የትምህርት ምዘናና ፈተናዎች አገልግሎት አስታወቀ።

በተለያየ ምክንያት ያልተመዘገቡ ተማሪዎች ካሉ በቀጣዮቹ ሁለት ቀናት እንዲመዘገቡ ያሳሰበው አገልግሎቱ፤ ያልተመዘገቡ ተማሪዎች ፈተናውን እንደማይፈተኑ በማህበራዊ ትስስር ገጹ ባጋራው መልዕክት አስጠንቅቋል።


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ዛሬ ት/ት ሚኒስቴር በፌስቡክ ገጹ ላይ በጻፈው ጽሁፍ ፤ የዘንድሮ ኢንትራንስ ፈተና ላይ የ10ኛ ክፍል አንደሚኖር አመላክቷል::

የ12ኛ ክፍል ሀገር አቀፍ ፈተና ምዝገባ ጥር 6/2017 ዓ.ም ከቀኑ 10፡00 ሰዓት ላይ እንደሚጠናቀቅ የትምህርት ምዘናና ፈተናዎች አገልግሎት አሳውቋል።

ስለሆነም ምዝገባ ያላጠናቀቃችሁ ተማሪዎች ከቀነ ገደቡ አስቀድማችሁ እንድታጠናቅቁ አገልግሎቱ አሳስቧል።

አገልግሎቱ የ2017 ዓ.ም ፈተናዎች ይዘትን በተመለከተ ባስተላለፈው መልዕክት፤ የሀገር አቀፍ 12ኛ ክፍል ፈተና በአጠቃላይ ከ 9-12ኛ ክፍሎች እንዲሁም የ8ኛ ክፍል ክልላዊ ፈተና ከ7-8ኛ ክፍሎች እንደሚሸፍን ገልጿል።

ተማሪዎች በተማሩበት የክፍል ደረጀ የተማሪ መጽሐፍን መሠረት አድርገው ሊዘጋጁ እንደሚገባ አገልግሎቱ ጠቁሟል።

የትምህርት ምዘናና ፈተናዎች አገልግሎት

❔ Which one do you want?