𝚔𝚗𝚘𝚠𝚕𝚎𝚍𝚐e 🄷🅄🄱

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ꜱᴩᴏɴꜱoreᴅ ʙʏ @Model_Exam

📚 𝐁𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘 𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐄 𝟏𝟏 - 𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐓 𝟔: 𝐇𝐔𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐒𝐄

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🔬 𝟏. 𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐒𝐄 - 𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐖
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Definition: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely absence of disease.

Disease: Any deviation from normal health, characterized by specific symptoms and signs.

𝐀) Types of Diseases
• Communicable (Infectious): Caused by pathogens - bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
Examples: TB, Malaria, HIV, COVID-19
• Non-communicable (NCD): Not transmitted person-to-person
Examples: Diabetes, Hypertension, Cancer, Heart disease

𝐁) Causes of Diseases
• Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites)
• Genetic factors
• Environmental factors
• Lifestyle factors (diet, exercise, smoking)
• Chemical exposure

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🔬 𝟐. 𝐈𝐍𝐅𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐒𝐄𝐒
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𝐀) Transmission Modes
• Airborne: Influenza, TB, Measles
• Water/Foodborne: Cholera, Typhoid
• Vector-borne: Malaria (mosquito), Leishmaniasis (sandfly)
• Direct contact: HIV, Herpes
• Sexual transmission: HIV, Hepatitis B

𝐁) Major Infectious Diseases in Ethiopia
• Malaria: Caused by Plasmodium (P. falciparum, P. vivax)
• TB (Tuberculosis): Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Neglected tropical diseases: Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis

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🔬 𝟑. 𝐈𝐌𝐌𝐔𝐍𝐄 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌
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𝐀) Immune Response
• Innate immunity: Non-specific, first line of defense

• Skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes
• Adaptive immunity: Specific, develops after exposure
• B cells (antibodies), T cells (cell-mediated)

𝐁) Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
• IgG: Most common, crosses placenta
• IgA: Found in mucus, saliva, tears
• IgM: First antibody produced in infection
• IgE: Allergies and parasitic infections
• IgD: Rare, function not fully understood

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🔬 𝟒. 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐋
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• Vaccination: Most effective prevention method
• Vector control: Mosquito nets, insecticides
• Sanitation: Clean water, proper waste disposal
• Health education: Awareness campaigns
• Early diagnosis and treatment
• Lifestyle modifications: For NCDs

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📚 𝐏𝐇𝐘𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐒 𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐄 𝟗 - 𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐓 𝟓: 𝐒𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐒

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🔬 𝟏. 𝐃𝐄𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐄
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A simple machine is any device that requires a single force to do mechanical work. It helps us do work more easily by changing the direction or magnitude of force.

Key Point: Simple machines do NOT create or destroy energy - they only transfer energy.

🔬 𝟐. 𝐏𝐔𝐑𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐒
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𝐀) 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞
• Example: Flagpole pulley - you pull down, flag goes up
• Changes the direction of applied force

𝐁) 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 (Force Multiplier)
• Apply small effort to move large load
• Example: Inclined plane, wedge, screw

𝐂) 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (Distance Multiplier)
• Small effort movement → large distance movement
• Example: Bicycle - pedal moves short distance, wheels rotate long distance

🔬 𝟑. 𝐓𝐘𝐏𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐒
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The 6 Basic Simple Machines:

𝟏. 𝐋𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫 - A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum)
Examples: Seesaw, crowbar, bottle opener

𝟐. 𝐏𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐲 - A wheel on an axle designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable
Examples: Flagpole, well bucket, crane

𝟑. 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 - A flat surface tilted at an angle
Examples: Ramp, stairs, slide

𝟒. 𝐖𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞 - A triangular-shaped tool
Examples: Knife, axe, chisel

𝟓. 𝐒𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰 - An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
Examples: Jar lid, bolt, screw

𝟔. 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐱𝐥𝐞 - A wheel connected to a smaller axle
Examples: Car wheel, door knob, bicycle

🔬 𝟒. 𝐊𝐄𝐘 𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐒
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• 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 (𝐅): The force applied to a simple machine
Work input = Effort × Distance moved by effort

• 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 (𝐋): The force exerted by the machine on an object
Work output = Load × Distance moved by load

• 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞: Two or more simple machines working together
Example: Bicycle, car, scissors

🔬 𝟓. 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄
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⚠️ Simple machines do NOT reduce the total work done!

• If you gain force, you lose distance
• If you gain distance, you lose force
• Energy is always conserved!

Remember: Machines make work EASIER, not LESS!

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አሪፍ view ያለውን Educational የሆነ ቻናል እና ጉሩፕ መግዛት ሚፈልጉ Dm me! @BizFuad

📚 𝐄𝐍𝐕𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐒𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐄 𝟏𝟏: 𝐄𝐍𝐕𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐒

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🔬 𝟏. 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐎 𝐄𝐍𝐕𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓
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Environment: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives.

Components of Environment:
• Abiotic (non-living): Water, air, sunlight, soil, temperature
• Biotic (living): Plants, animals, microorganisms
• Human-made: Buildings, roads, factories

Ecosystem: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

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🔬 𝟐. 𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄
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𝐀) Biotic Components
• Producers: Plants (photosynthesis)
• Consumers: Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores
• Decomposers: Fungi, Bacteria

𝐁) Abiotic Components
• Light, Water, Temperature
• Soil, Air, Minerals

𝐂) Food Chain & Food Web
• Energy flows from producers → consumers → decomposers
• 10% energy transfer rule between trophic levels

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🔬 𝟑. 𝐁𝐈𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘
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Types:
• Genetic Diversity: Variation within species
• Species Diversity: Different species in an area
• Ecosystem Diversity: Different ecosystems

Importance:
• Ecosystem stability
• Food security
• Medicine sources
• Cultural values

Threats: Habitat loss, Pollution, Overexploitation, Climate change

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🔬 𝟒. 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍
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𝐀) Air Pollution
• Sources: Vehicles, industries, burning fossil fuels
• Effects: Respiratory diseases, global warming, acid rain

𝐁) Water Pollution
• Sources: Industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff
• Effects: Fish death, waterborne diseases

𝐂) Soil Pollution
• Sources: Pesticides, heavy metals, plastic waste
• Effects: Reduced fertility, food chain contamination

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🔬 𝟓. 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐂𝐄𝐒
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Renewable: Solar, wind, water, biomass
Non-renewable: Coal, petroleum, natural gas

Conservation:
• Reduce reuse recycle
• Sustainable practices
• Alternative energy
• Protected areas

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ለ2018 ዩኒቨርሲቲ መግብያ ተፈታኞች መልካም ዜና

ጥያቄዎችን የምታገኙበትን ምርጥ ቻናሎች ልጋብዛቹ ትወዳላቹ።

ꜱᴩᴏɴꜱoreᴅ ʙʏ @Model_Exam

📌 Important Scientific Laws and Theories

➢ Ohm's Law

- It states that the current passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points provided the physical state and temperature etc. of the conductor does not change.

➢ Pauli exclusion

principle - It explains that no two electrons in the same atom or molecule can have the same set of quantum numbers.

➢ Raman effect

- It is the change in wavelength that occurs when light is scattered by the atoms or molecules in a transparent medium.

➢ Tyndall effect

- The scattering of light by very small particles suspended in a gas or liquid.

➢ Boyles's Law

- It states that temperature remaining constant, volume of a given mass of a gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas. Thus,
PV = K (constant), where, P = Pressure and V = Volume.

➢ Charles's Law

- It states that pressure remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273 part of its volume at 0 degree celsius for each degree celsius rise or fall of its temperature.

➢ Coulomb's Law -

It states that force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

➢ Heisenberg principle

(uncertainty principle) - It is impossible to determine with accuracy both the position and the momentum of a particle such as electron simultaneously.

➢ Archimede's principle

- It states that a body when wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, experiences an upward thrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it. Thus, the body appears to lose a part of its weight. This loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.

➢ Aufbau principle

- It states that in an unexcited atom, electrons reside in the lowest energy orbitals available to them.

➢ Avogadro's Law

- It states that equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

➢ Brownian motion

- It is a zigzag, irregular motion exhibited by small solid particles when suspended in a liquid or gas due to irregular bombardment by the liquid or gas molecules.

➢ Bernoulli's principle

- It states that as the speed of a moving fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. The aerodynamic lift on the wing of an aeroplane is also explained in part by this principle.

➢ Gay-Lussac’s Law of combining volumes -

Gases react together in volumes which bear simple whole number ratios to one another and also to the volumes of the products, if gaseous — all the volumes being measured under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.

➢ Graham’s Law of Diffusion -

It states that the rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.

➢ Kepler's Law

- Each planet revolves round the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one focus. The straight line joining the Sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals. The squares of the orbital periods of planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distance from the Sun.

➢ Law of Floatation

- For a body to float, the following conditions must be fulfilled: The weight of the body should be equal to the weight of the water displaced and the centre of gravity of the body and that of the liquid displaced should be in the same straight line.

➢ Law of conservation of energy

- It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, the amount of energy present in the universe is always remain constant.

➢ Newton's First Law of Motion -

An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion, with the same direction and speed in a straight line unless acted upon by some external force.

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ꜱᴩᴏɴꜱoreᴅ ʙʏ @Model_Exam