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⭐️IMPORTANT ARTICLES ⭐️ 🔴Part XIV, PUBLIC SERVICES(308 to 323) 312. All-India services 315. PSC for Union & States 320. Functions of PSC 321. Power to extend functions of PSC 🔵Part XIVA,TRIBUNALS (323A& B) 323A. Administrative tribunals 323B. Tribunals for other matters 🟢Part XV, ELECTIONS (324 to 329) 324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission 326. Elections to the House of the people(LS) and to the legislative assemblies(LA) of states to be on the basis of Adult suffrage 329. Bar to Interference by Courts in Electoral matters 🟣Part XVI, SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES (330 to 342) LS -- Lok Sabha LA--Legislative Assemblies 330. Reservation for SC & ST in ( LS ) 331. Represent Anglo-Indian in ( LS ) 332. Reservation for SC & ST in (LA) 333. Represent Anglo-Indian in (LA) 338. National Commission for SC 338A. National Commission for ST 340. Appointment of a commission to investigate conditions of BC 341-- SC 342 -- ST 🟡Part XVII, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE(343 to 351) 343. Official language of the Union 345. Official languages of states 346. Official lang for communication b/w one state and another 348. Language to be used in SC & HC 350A. Facilities for mother-tongue at primary stage 350B. Special officer for linguistic minorities 351.Development of Hindi language 🔴Part XVIII, EMERGENCY PROVISIONS (352 to 360) 352.National Emergency 355. Duty of the Union to protect states in Internal & External Emergencies 356. States Emergency (President rule) 359. Suspension of the enforcement of fundamental rights in emergencies 360. Financial Emergency 🔵Part XIX, MISCELLANEOUS (361 to 367) 361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs 363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties & agreements 364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes 365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to directions given by the Union (president’s rule) 🟢Part XX, AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION (Art 368) 368. Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution 🟠 Part XXI, TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS (369 to 392) 370. Temporary provisions to JK ( Abolished on Aug 5 2019) SPECIAL PROVISIONS TO STATES : 371. Maharashtra and Gujarat 371A. Nagaland 371B. Assam 371C. Manipur 371D. Andhra Pradesh 371F. Sikkim 371G. Mizoram 371H. Arunachal Pradesh 371-I. Goa 371-J. Karnataka 372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation 372A. Power of the president to adapt laws 🟡Part XXII, ( 393 to 395 ) 393. Short title 394. Commencement 394A. Authoritative text in Hindi language

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🎯 Steps In a Criminal Case🎯8 Steps:-- 1st step Investigation and Arrest: Police investigate what appears to be a crime. Police take evidence to a judge to obtain an arrest warrant. Police then arrest person, take them to a police station, and the charges are recorded. 2nd step Initial Appearance: When someone is arrested, they must be brought before a judge as quickly as possible to be charged. Judge explains charges to the defendant and reads the person their rights. 3rd step Preliminary Hearing or Grand Jury: In federal courts, cases go to a Grand Jury and the Grand Jury determines if their is enough evidence to "hand up" an indictment, or formal charge. 4th step Plea Bargaining: 90% of criminal cases come to an end with a guilty plea because of plea bargaining. In the pretrial process, the prosecutor, defense lawyer, and police work out an agreement through which the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser (or fewer crimes) in return for the government not prosecuting the more serious crimes. 5th step arraignment and pleas: At the arraignment, the judge reads the formal charge against the defendant in court. Defendant enters one of four pleas: Not guilty Not guilty by reason of insanity Guilty, or in some states No contest 6th step: The Trial If the plea is "not guilty" the next stage is trial. Once the jury is selected, the prosecution presents its case, then the defense presents. Both attorneys will make closing arguments that summarize their case. 7th step: The Decision (verdict): After closing arguments. the jury discusses wether or not the defendant is guilty "beyond all reasonable doubt. 8th step: Sentencing: If the defendant is not guilty, they are released immediately. If they are guilty, the judge usually determines the sentence.

🔰 Major Laws and Rights 🔰 ============================== 🔹 Motor Vehicle Act 1988, section -185, 202 ➨ At the time of driving if your 100ml. blood contains more than 30mg. of alcohol then the police can arrest you without a warrant. 🔹 Criminal Procedure Code, Section 46 ➨ No woman cannot be arrested before 6 A.M. and after 6 P.M. 🔹 Indian Penal Code, 166 A ➨ A Police officer can’t refuse to lodge an FIR if he/she does so they could be jailed for up to 6 months to 1 year. 🔹 Indian Sarais Act, 1887 ➨ Even any 5-star hotel can’t prohibit you from drinking potable water and using its washrooms. 🔹 Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 ➨ As per Section 129 of the Indian Motor Vehicle Act, wearing the helmet is a must for two-wheeler riders. Section 128 of this Motor Vehicle Act limits the maximum two riders on the bikes. 🔹 Domestic Violence Act, 2005 ➨ If a young boy and a girl want to live together in a “live-in relationship”, they can do so because it is not illegal. Even the newborn from this relationship is also a legal son or daughter and this newborn have the full right in the assets of his/her father. 🔹 Police Act, 1861 ➨ A police officer is always on duty whether he/she wearing a uniform or not. If a person makes a complaint to the officer, he/she could not say that he can’t help the victim because he/ she is not on duty. 🔹 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 ➨ No company can fire a pregnant woman. It may be punishable by a maximum of 3 years of imprisonment. If the company (Government or private) has more than 10 employees then the pregnant women employee is eligible to get 84 days paid maternity leave. 🔹 Income Tax Act, 1961 ➨ In the case of tax violations, the tax collection officer has the power to arrest you but before arresting you, he/she will have to send a notice to you. Only Tax Commissioner decides how long you will stay in the custody. 🔹 Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (Section -13) ➨ As per the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (any husband or wife) may apply for divorce in the court on the basis of Adultery (physical relationship outside of marriage), physical and mental abuse, impotency, to leave home without information, to change Hindu religion and adopt other religion, insanity, incurable disease and no information about husband or wife for seven-year. 🔹 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ➨ Only women police constable can arrest women. Male constable doesn’t have the right to arrest women. Women have the right to deny going to police stations after the 6 P.M. and before the 6 A.M. In the case of a serious crime only after receipt of the written order from the magistrate, a male policeman can arrest a woman. 🔹 As per the Citizen Charter (Indian Oil Corporation website) ➨ There are very few people who know that if their gas cylinder blasts during the cooking of food then the gas agency is liable to pay Rs. 50 lakh to the victim as compensation. To claim this compensation consumers need to lodge an FIR to the nearest police station and submit it to the concerned gas agency. 🔹 Automotive (Amendment) Bill, 2016 ➨ If you are fined for a crime (like riding without a helmet or any other reason) then you will not be fined for the same reason in the same day. 🔹 Maximum Retail Price Act, 2014 ➨ Any Shop keeper can’t charge more than the printed price of any commodity but a consumer has the right to bargain for less than the printed price of a commodity. 🔹 Limitation Act, 1963 ➨ If your office does not pay you then you have the power to file an FIR against it within 3 years. But if you report after 3 years, you will not get anything for the due. 🔹 Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code ➨ If you are found involved in “obscene activity" at a public place, you can be imprisoned for 3 months. But in the absence of an exact definition of obscene activity police have always misused this act. 🔹 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 ➨ If somebody belongs to the Hindu religion and has a son or grandson then he can’t adopt a second child.

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