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🔥Periodic Table Chemistry Tricks 🔥

Group 1 - Lina Kare Rab Se Fariyad
Elements - Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Group 2 - Beta Mange Car Safari Baap Razi
Elements - Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Group 13 - Bengan, Aaloo, Gazar In Thella
Elements - B, Al, Ga, In, Tl

Group 14 - Chemistry Sir Gives Sanki Problems.
Elements - C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

Group 15 - Nepal Pakistan Australia Sab Bikhari (No offence!!)
Elements - N, P, As, Sb, Bi

Group 16 - Old Style Se Tepo
Elements - O, S, Se, Te, Po

Group 17 - Fir Call kar Bahaar AayI Aunty
Elements - F, Cl, Br, I, At

Group 18 - Heena Neena Aur Kareena Xenath Rangeen
Elements - He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

D blocks elements -

Esi TV Corporation Mange Fir raha hein, Koi Ni Kuch nahi Janta
Elements - Sc, T, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS ELECTRICAL ELEMENT

Circular Motion Short Notes ⚡

✅ Nuclear Energy

✍️Introduction
➖Nuclear reactions release tremendous amount of energy (known as nuclear energy), which are being used to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.
➖The nuclear energy normally produced by nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and nuclear decay.
➖In 1938, German chemists Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, and the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner conducted the experiments in which the products of neutron-bombarded uranium. As result of this experiment, the relatively tiny neutron split the nucleus of the massive uranium atoms into two roughly equal pieces and released massive energy.
➖The nuclear experiments of Otto Hahn and his colleagues are popular as nuclear fission.

✍️Nuclear Fission
➖The process of nuclear fission produces free neutrons and gamma photons, while doing this also releases a very large amount of energy.
➖Nuclear fission is an exothermic reaction, which can release large amounts of energy in the forms of electromagnetic radiation as well as kinetic energy.
➖Nuclear fission, sometimes, can occur naturally (i.e. without neutron bombardment) as a type of radioactive decay.

✍️Types of Nuclear Fission
➖Chain Reaction
➭ When one single nuclear reaction causes one or more subsequent nuclear reactions, it is known as chain reaction.
➭ Such chain reaction increases the possibility of a self-propagating series of nuclear reactions.
➭ The nuclear chain reactions release million times more energy per reaction than any other chemical reaction; therefore, it is also known as explosive or uncontrolled chain reaction.
➭ When a heavy atom experiences nuclear fission, it normally breaks into two or more fission fragments. During the process, several free neutrons, gamma rays, and neutrinos are emitted, and ultimately a large amount of energy is released.
➭ Following are the two examples of chain reaction −
235U + → neutron Fission fragments + 2.4 neutrons + 192.9 MeV
235Pu + → neutron Fission fragments + 2.9 neutrons + 198.9 MeV
➭ In atom bomb, chain reaction technology is used, as it required consistent source of energy.

➖Fission Reaction
➭ The fission reaction in which neutrons (produced by fission of fuel atoms) are used to induce yet more fission for the release of sustainable energy, is known as fission reactions.
➭ Such reactions are slow and controllable; therefore, also known as controlled chain reaction.
➭ The power (electricity) producing nuclear reactor is an ideal example of controlled chain reaction.
➭ Based on the properties and type of usages, fission/controlled chain reaction is classified as −
Power reactors
Research reactors
Breeder reactors
➭ These power reactors generally convert the kinetic energy of fission products into heat; further, the heat is used to heat a working fluid that drives a heat engine, which ultimately generates mechanical or electrical power.

➭ Basic components of Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear fuels − Such as Uranium (233U, 235U), thorium (Th232), plutonium (Pu239).
Moderators − Used to control the emitted neutrons. E.g. heavy water, beryllium, graphite, etc.
Coolant − It is used to cool the reactor. E.g. water, steam, helium, CO2, air, molten metals, etc.
Control rods − It is used to run and stop the fission reaction. E.g. cadmium or boron rods are used for such purpose.

➖Nuclear Fusion
➭ The process by which two light nuclei are fused to form a heavy nucleus is known as nuclear fusion; during this process, a tremendous amount of energy is being released known as nuclear energy.
➭ The best example of nuclear fusion is – hydrogen bomb.
➭ A hydrogen bomb is about 1,000 times more powerful than an atom bomb.

🔰Carbon and its Compounds🔰

✍️ Introduction
➖Carbon plays very important roles for all living beings.
➖The amount of carbon in the earth’s crust is merely 0.02%, which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal, and petroleum.
➖The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03%, in the form of carbon dioxide.

✍️ Compounds of Carbon
➖Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of the electricity.
➖The diamond and graphite both are formed by carbon atoms; however, the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another.
➖In diamond, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to four other carbon atoms and form a rigid three-dimensional structure.
➖In graphite, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array.
➖There is also difference in some physical structure of diamond and graphite.
➖Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is smooth and slippery substance.
➖Graphite is good conductor of electricity whereas diamond is not.
➖The compounds, which has identical molecular formula, but different structures, are known as structural isomers.
➖The saturated hydrocarbons are known as alkanes.
➖The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more double bonds, are known as alkenes.
➖The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more triple bonds, are known as alkynes.

✍️ Use of Alcohol as Fuel
➖Sugarcane plants very efficient convert sunlight into chemical energy and its juice can be used to prepare molasses.
➖When molasses is fermented, it produces alcohol (ethanol).
➖Some of the countries now using alcohol as an additive in petrol, as it is a cleaner fuel.
➖These alcohol, on burning in sufficient air (oxygen), gives rise to only carbon dioxide and water.


✍️ Esters
➖Esters are sweet-smelling substances, which are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol.
➖When esters react in the presence of an acid or a base, it gives back the alcohol and carboxylic acid.
➖The reaction of esters with an acid or a base, is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
➖The molecules of soap normally are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
➖Interestingly, the ionic-end of soap dissolves in water whereas the carbon chain dissolves in oil. This typical features of the soap molecules forms structures known as micelles.
➖In micelles, one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet whereas the ionic-end remains outside.
➖The soap micelle helps in dissolving the dirt in water; likewise, the clothes get cleaned.
➖On the other hand, detergents are usually ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids, which remain effective even in hard water.
➖Detergents are customarily used to make shampoos and some other products for cleaning clothes.

✅Applications of Electromagnetism

➖ Electromagnetism serves as a fundamental working principle for many of the home appliances in household applications.
➖ The Maglev trains or high-speed trains work on the principle of electromagnetism.
➖ Electromagnetic radiations are used in the communication system to transfer data from the source to the receiver.
➖ In industries, starting from small instruments to large power equipment, electromagnetism is used at least at one stage of their work.

✅Properties of the Electromagnetic Wave

➖ Electromagnetic waves are propagated by oscillating electric and magnetic waves at right angles to each other.
➖ They exhibit the properties of interference and diffraction.
➖ They travel at a speed of 3 × 108m/s in a vacuum.
➖ They are transverse waves.
➖ The relationship between the wavelength (λ) and frequency (c) of an electromagnetic wave is given as follows:
c = v λ