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Choose the Best Answer from the given Alternatives  1. When was the First World Climate Conference held?  A. 1988 B. 1990 C. 1979 D. 2001 2. Which organization was responsible for directing the World Climate Programme?  A. United Nations General Assembly B. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) C. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) D. International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) 3. What was the main outcome of the Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere?  A. Adoption of the Paris Agreement B. Establishment of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee C. Recommendation for a comprehensive global framework convention D. Recognition of climate change as a common concern 4. When did the Kyoto Protocol come into force?  A. 1988 C. 2005 B. 1990 D. 1997 5.Which assessment report by the IPCC had a significant  impact on policy makers and public opinion?  A. First Assessment Report C. Second Assessment Report B. Third Assessment Report D. Fourth Assessment Report 6. Which COP meeting reached the Bonn Agreements?  A. COP 6 B. COP 7 C. COP 8 D. COP 9 7. Which country initially announced its intention to withdraw  from the Paris Agreement?  A. China C. United States B. Costa Rica D. Norway 8. What is the objective of the Paris Agreement?  A. Mandatory greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets B. Voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets C. Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol D. Creation of a global climate change convention 9. Which one of the following country did not ratify the Kyoto protocol?  A. Japan B. France C. USA D. Germany 10. What does it mean for a country to become carbon neutral?  A. No greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets B. Offsetting all emissions with tree planting C. Completely eliminating all greenhouse gas emissions D. No commitment to reducing emissions 11. What is one essential step in combating climate change?  A. Increasing the use of fossil fuels B. Reducing reliance on renewable energy sources C. Transitioning to renewable energy sources D. Ignoring sustainable development practices crease of 1.4°C to 5.8°C 12. Which one of the ff. conference of the parties(COP) emphasised afforestation and reforestation activities?  A. COP 7 B. COP 6 C. COP 9 D. COP 10

2.6. International Conventions and Agreements on Climate  Change ➢ The international conventions and agreements on climate change have played a crucial role in addressing the urgent problem of climate change. ➢ The First World Climate Conference held in 1979, which recognized climate change as a global concern and called for practical measures to safeguard against potential climate hazards. ➢ Subsequent conferences and agreements further advanced the discussions on climate change. ➢ The Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere in 1988, recommended the development of a comprehensive global framework convention to protect the atmosphere. This led to the adoption of Resolution 43/53 by the United Nations General Assembly, acknowledging climate change as a common concern and emphasizing the need for global action. ➢ To assess the magnitude and impacts of climate change, the IPCC was published the First Assessment Report in 1990. This report became a basis for negotiations under the United Nations General Assembly on a climate change convention. ➢ The IPCC Second Assessment Report, published in 1996, highlighted the distinct human influence on global climate and presented strategies for addressing climate-related risks. ➢ The Conference of Parties (COP) is a key component of the international framework for addressing climate change. It is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and consists of all the countries that are party to the convention. ➢ COP meetings are held annually, providing a platform for countries to come together and discuss the progress, implementation, and future actions related to climate change. These meetings serve as a forum for negotiations, policy development, and the adoption of decisions and measures to address climate change at the global level. ➢ The COP meetings have resulted in significant milestones and agreements in the international response to climate change. ➢ COP 6 in 2001 reached the Bonn Agreements, which included an emissions trading system and financial support for developing countries. ➢COP 7 in 2001 adopted the Marrakesh Accords, providing detailed legal texts for implementation. ➢COP 8 in 2002 focused on implementing the Marrakesh Accords and adopted the Delhi Ministerial Declaration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development. ➢ COP 9 in 2003 addressed afforestation and reforestation activities, while COP 10 in 2004 emphasized adaptation to climate change. ➢The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and in force since 2005, set mandatory targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in developed countries. However, the United States, did not ratify the protocol, and developing countries were exempted from emission reductions. ➢ The Paris Agreement, introduced in 2015, marked a significant milestone with almost all nations committing to voluntary targets for emission reductions. Under this agreement, countries regularly report their progress. While the United States initially announced its intention to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, there is ongoing reconsideration. In addition to international agreements, individual countries and cities have taken independent initiatives to address climate change. Some countries, including Costa Rica, Iceland, and Norway, have promised to become carbon neutral, offsetting their emissions through activities like tree planting. ➢ To effectively combat climate change, it is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This involves: ❖ Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. ❖ Sustainable development practices, ❖ Circular economy principles, and ❖ Responsible consumer choices

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