Python | Algorithms | Data Structures

𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵. 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗸 𝗜𝘁 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗹𝘆! Here’s Your Ultimate Guide!

    
        𝗜𝗻𝗽𝘂𝘁/𝗢𝘂𝘁𝗽𝘂𝘁 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- print() 
- input() 
- format()

𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗧𝘆𝗽𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀  
- int() 
- float()  
- str() 
- bool() 
- complex()  
- list() 
- tuple()
- set() 
- dict()
- frozenset()  
- bytes()
- bytearray()  
- memoryview()  

𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- abs()
- pow()  
- round()
- divmod()  
- sum()  
- min()  
- max()  

𝗦𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 & 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀  
- len()  
- sorted() 
- range() 
- zip() 
- enumerate()
- reversed() 
- all()  
- any() 

𝗧𝘆𝗽𝗲 & 𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- type()
- id()
- isinstance()  
- issubclass()

𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- open()
- close()  
- read()
- write()  
- seek()
- tell()

𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- ord()
- chr()
- ascii()
- repr()

𝗨𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 
- help() 
- dir()
- eval()  
- exec() 
- hash()

𝗟𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 & 𝗕𝗼𝗼𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- bin()
- oct() 
- hex()
- bool()

𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆 & 𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
- memoryview()
- object()
- callable(){}
    

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❔ Interview question What tools are used for error monitoring in Python services? Answer: Most often, Sentry, centralized logging, and metrics are used. Sentry collects stack traces, context, and shows the frequency of errors. It's also important to set up alerts - a sharp increase in exceptions usually signals problems after a release or a service degradation. tags: #interview https://t.me/pythonRe ✅

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Exploring pathlib for Working with Paths! Many projects still use os.path for path operations: join, dirname, exists, and more. It works, but the code quickly becomes cluttered with string manipulations and harder to read — especially when there are many paths being actively combined. Since Python 3.4, there's pathlib — an object-oriented API for working with files and directories. Importing the module is simple:

    
        from pathlib import Path{}
    

You can create a path like any regular object:

    
        path = Path("data/users.json"){}
    

When working with Path and the / operator, the correct separators for the current OS are used automatically. This keeps the code portable between Linux, macOS, and Windows without extra checks. If you need an absolute path, use resolve():

    
        print(path.resolve()){}
    

Very often when working with files, you need to check if a path exists:

    
        if path.exists():
    print("File found"){}
    

Pathlib also lets you quickly determine the type of file system object:

    
        path.is_file()
path.is_dir(){}
    

The Path object has convenient properties for getting path parts. This eliminates manual string parsing and working with split().

    
        print(path.name)    # users.json
print(path.stem)    # users
print(path.suffix)  # .json
print(path.parent)  # data{}
    

For joining paths, the / operator is used, which looks noticeably cleaner and is easier to read compared to os.path.join:

    
        base = Path("logs")
file_path = base / "2026" / "app.log"{}
    

Creating directories is also compact and convenient:

    
        Path("backup/archive").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True){}
    

Here: parents=True creates nested directories; exist_ok=True doesn't raise an error if the folder already exists. For reading and writing text files, there are built-in methods that cover most everyday tasks:

    
        config = Path("config.txt")

config.write_text("debug=true", encoding="utf-8")

content = config.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
print(content){}
    

For binary data, read_bytes() and write_bytes() methods are available. You can iterate through directory contents using iterdir():

    
        for file in Path("logs").iterdir():
    print(file){}
    

If you need to search for files by pattern, use glob():

    
        for py_file in Path(".").glob("*.py"):
    print(py_file){}
    

And for recursive directory traversal, there's rglob():

    
        for file in Path(".").rglob("*.json"):
    print(file){}
    

Practical example — finding logs older than a certain date. This is a more real-world task:

    
        from pathlib import Path
from datetime import datetime

logs = Path("logs")
limit_date = datetime(2026, 1, 1)

for file in logs.glob("*.log"):
    modified = datetime.fromtimestamp(file.stat().st_mtime)

    if modified < limit_date:
        print(file.name, modified){}
    

The stat() method lets you get file metadata: size, modification time, permissions, and other system data. Deleting files and directories is also built directly into the Path API:

    
        path.unlink()  # file
path.rmdir()   # empty directory{}
    

It's important to note that pathlib doesn't fully replace shutil or os. For example, for copying files, recursive directory deletion, or complex permission operations, additional modules are usually used. 🔥 pathlib makes working with the file system noticeably cleaner: less string operations, better readability, and more predictable code when working with paths and files. #Python #Pathlib #Programming #Coding #Developer #SoftwareEngineering #TechTips #LearnPython #PythonTips #FileSystem

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Why can't you use mutable default values in constructors? If you set a list or dictionary as the default value, the object is created once and then reused by all instances.

    
        class User:
    def __init__(self, tags=[]):
        self.tags = tags{}
    

This results in a change in one instance affecting the others:

    
        u1 = User(); u2 = User()
u1.tags.append("x"); print(u2.tags){}
    

default_factory creates a new object each time the constructor is called, eliminating shared state: field(default_factory=list) Thus, each instance receives an independent data structure: User().tags is User().tags 🔥 Using default_factory is an important practice when working with mutable types and prevents hard-to-detect state errors.

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